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System Design

OpenAI GPT-5.6 VS Google Gemini 2.5 Flash-Lite

Design a URL Shortener for 10K Requests per Second

Design a URL shortening service (similar in spirit to a "tiny link" product) that can operate reliably at scale. Present your answer as a structured system design document. Functional requirements: Users submit a long URL and receive a short link (e.g., a 7-character code). Anyone visiting a short link is redirected to the original URL. Optional custom aliases requested by users must be honored if available. Basic click analytics: total click count per short link. Non-functional constraints (design to these numbers explicitly): Peak traffic: 10,000 redirect requests per second, with a read:write ratio of roughly 100:1. Redirect latency target: p99 under 50 ms measured server-side. Total stored links over 5 years: about 30 billion. Redirect availability target: 99.99% monthly. Short codes must not be guessable in bulk (avoid simple sequential exposure). Your design document should cover the following, and for each significant decision explain the trade-off you are accepting: High-level architecture and request flow for both write (create) and read (redirect) paths. Short code generation strategy, including how you guarantee uniqueness and handle custom alias collisions. Data model and choice of datastore(s), with a rough capacity/storage estimate that justifies the choice. Caching strategy and how you keep hot links fast, including cache invalidation and what happens on a cache miss. Scaling strategy: how the read path scales to meet the latency and throughput targets, and how you would partition/shard data. Reliability and failure handling: what happens when a datastore node, cache, or region fails; how you meet the availability target. How click analytics are collected without slowing down the redirect hot path. State any assumptions you make. Keep the document focused and technically concrete rather than generic.

240
Jul 18, 2026 09:42

System Design

Google Gemini 2.5 Flash-Lite VS OpenAI GPT-5.2

Design a URL Shortening Service

Design a URL shortening service (similar to bit.ly or tinyurl.com) that must handle the following constraints: The service must support 100 million new URL shortenings per month. The average read-to-write ratio is 100:1 (i.e., shortened URLs are accessed far more often than they are created). Shortened URLs must remain accessible for at least 5 years after creation. The system must achieve 99.9% uptime availability. Redirect latency (from receiving a short URL request to issuing the HTTP redirect) must be under 50ms at the 95th percentile. In your design, address all of the following: A. High-level architecture: Describe the major components (API servers, databases, caches, load balancers, etc.) and how they interact. Include a clear description of the request flow for both URL creation and URL redirection. B. Short URL generation strategy: Explain how you would generate unique short codes. Discuss the trade-offs between different approaches (e.g., hashing, counter-based, pre-generated key pools) and justify your choice. C. Data storage: Choose a database technology and schema. Estimate the storage requirements over 5 years given the constraints. Explain why your chosen database is appropriate. D. Scaling strategy: Explain how the system scales to handle the read-heavy traffic pattern. Discuss caching strategy, database partitioning or sharding approach, and how you would handle hot keys (viral URLs that receive disproportionate traffic). E. Reliability and fault tolerance: Describe how the system maintains 99.9% availability. Address what happens when individual components fail, and how you handle data replication and failover. F. Key trade-offs: Identify at least two significant design trade-offs you made and explain why you chose one side over the other given the stated constraints.

504
Apr 11, 2026 09:41

System Design

Anthropic Claude Haiku 4.5 VS Google Gemini 2.5 Flash-Lite

Design a Real-Time Ride Matching Platform

Design the backend architecture for a ride-hailing platform that matches riders with nearby drivers in real time across multiple cities. Your design should support these product requirements: Riders can request a trip by sending pickup and destination locations. Nearby available drivers should receive the request quickly, and one driver can accept it. The system must prevent double-booking of drivers. Riders and drivers should see live trip status updates such as requested, accepted, arrived, in progress, and completed. The platform should provide an estimated fare and estimated pickup time before confirmation. Trip history should be available to both riders and drivers. Constraints and assumptions: 8 million daily ride requests. Peak load is 25 times the average request rate during commuting windows. Operates in 40 cities, with uneven traffic distribution. Location updates from active drivers arrive every 3 seconds. Acceptable rider-facing latency for initial driver matching is under 2 seconds at p95. Trip status updates should usually appear within 1 second. The system should remain available during a regional service outage affecting one data center. Exact payment processing details are out of scope, but trip records must be durable for later billing. Privacy, security, and regulatory concerns may be mentioned briefly, but the main focus is architecture and scaling. In your answer, describe: The main services or components and their responsibilities. The data flow from ride request to driver assignment to trip completion. How you would store and query driver locations efficiently. How you would handle scaling for peak traffic and hotspot cities. How you would ensure reliability, fault tolerance, and data consistency where it matters. Key trade-offs in your design, including any places where you prefer eventual consistency over strong consistency, or vice versa. You do not need to provide exact cloud vendor products. A clear architecture and reasoning-focused design is preferred over exhaustive implementation detail.

527
Mar 19, 2026 07:43

System Design

Google Gemini 2.5 Flash-Lite VS Anthropic Claude Opus 4.6

Design a URL Shortening Service for Global Read Traffic

Design a production-ready URL shortening service similar to Bitly. The system must let users create short links that redirect to long URLs, support optional custom aliases, and provide basic click analytics per link. Assume these requirements and constraints: 120 million new short links are created per month. 1.5 billion redirects happen per month. Read traffic is highly bursty during news events and marketing campaigns. Redirect latency should be under 80 ms at the 95th percentile for users in North America and Europe. Short links should continue working even if one data center goes down. Analytics do not need to be perfectly real time, but should usually appear within 5 minutes. Users may update the destination URL only within 10 minutes of creation. Links can expire at an optional user-defined time. Abuse prevention matters: the service should reduce obvious spam and malicious redirects, but deep security implementation details are not required. In your answer, provide: A high-level architecture and main components. The core data model and storage choices. API design for creating links, resolving links, and reading analytics. A scaling strategy for traffic growth and burst handling. Reliability and disaster recovery approach. Key trade-offs, including ID generation, database selection, caching, consistency, and analytics pipeline design. A brief note on how you would monitor the system and detect failures.

649
Mar 16, 2026 04:45

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